An investigation of the effects of language contact on syntactic complexity in Efik language
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Background of the study
Efik language, with its rich grammatical traditions, is increasingly influenced by language contact, particularly in urban and diaspora settings. This study investigates how interactions with dominant languages—such as English and other indigenous tongues—affect syntactic complexity in Efik. Evidence suggests that language contact can lead to both simplification and elaboration of syntactic structures, with speakers adopting innovative clause formations and hybrid constructions (Udo, 2023). In Efik communities, these changes are observable in spoken discourse and written media, reflecting a dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity. The research examines features such as subordination, coordination, and word order modifications, documenting the emergence of non-standard forms. By employing comparative analysis of historical and contemporary data, the study seeks to trace the evolution of syntactic complexity under contact conditions, and to understand the cognitive and social factors driving these changes (Ibekwe, 2024). This investigation contributes to broader discussions on language change and bilingual influence, offering insights that are crucial for language preservation and education in Efik communities (Okon, 2025).
Statement of the problem
Despite observable shifts in Efik syntax due to language contact, little systematic research has been conducted on the resulting changes in syntactic complexity. Preliminary observations indicate that external linguistic influences lead to variable complexity in sentence structures, potentially affecting language proficiency and cultural identity (Ekanem, 2023). This study aims to address these issues by documenting and analyzing the effects of language contact on Efik syntax.
Objectives of the study
- To assess changes in syntactic complexity in Efik due to language contact.
- To document innovative syntactic forms emerging from these interactions.
- To evaluate the impact of these changes on language maintenance.
Research questions
- How does language contact affect Efik syntactic complexity?
- What innovative constructions emerge from these interactions?
- What are the implications for language preservation?
Significance of the study
This study is significant as it highlights the impact of language contact on the complexity of Efik syntax. Its findings will inform language educators and preservationists, providing strategies to balance innovation with tradition and safeguard linguistic heritage (Anyanwu, 2024).
Scope and limitations of the study
This study is limited to the effects of language contact on syntactic complexity in Efik. It does not address other linguistic aspects such as phonology or semantics.
Definitions of terms
- Language Contact: Interaction between speakers of different languages influencing language change.
- Syntactic Complexity: The degree of intricacy in sentence structure.
- Efik Language: A language spoken primarily in Calabar.
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